• Printer-friendly Hemophilia Treatment Center Manual (334K)

July 2005

Table of Contents

Introduction

Part I: Major Elements of the PHS Drug Pricing Program

1. Brief history of the development of 340B
2. Main Provisions of the 340B Legislation
3. The Office of Pharmacy Affairs (OPA)
4. The Pharmaceutical Pricing Agreement
5. The Covered Entity Database
6. Program Guidelines
7. How 340B Discounts Help Covered Entities Improve Services
8. Technical Assistance
9. Prime Vendor Program
10. Grant Statement
11. Alternative Method Demonstrations

Part II: Guidance for Hemophilia Treatment Centers

1. Deciding Whether to Register as a Covered Entity 
2. Submitting the Necessary Information to be a Covered Entity
3. Confidential Drug Pricing Information
4. Avoiding Duplicate Discounts/Rebates
5. Avoiding Drug Diversion
6. Audit Requirements  
7. Dispute Resolution
8. What to Do If Factor Replacement Products Are Not Available at 340B Prices
9. Freedom of Choice Regarding FRP and Avoidance of Conflict of Interest 
10. Contract Pharmacy Services 
11. Billing Private Insurance Carriers  
12. Using 340B Income  
13. Role of the OPA  
14. Role of the GSB  
15. Role of Regional Grantees

Part III: Appendices

Appendix A: Section 340B of the Public Health Service Act

Appendix B: Pharmaceutical Pricing Agreement (PPA)

Appendix C: Compilation of Published HRSA Guidelines

1. General Guidance  
2. Duplicate Discounts and Rebates on Drug Purchases
3. Entity Guidelines   
4. DSH Outpatient Facility Guidelines
5. New Drug Pricing
6. Definition of a Patient
7. Contract Pharmacy Services
8. Manufacturer Audit Guidelines
9. Dispute Resolution Process
10. The State ADAP Section 340B Rebate Option
11. Program Guidance Clarification re Mechanism to Prevent Duplicate Discounts

Appendix D: Grants Management Documents re Program Income

1. Sections of the HHS Grants Management Regulation
2. Sections of the PHS Grants Policy Statement
3. Letter to Grantees dated May 23, 2003 

Introduction

This manual has been prepared by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Maternal and Child Bureau (MCHB), Division of Services for Children with Special Health Needs (DSCSHN), Genetic Services Branch (GSB) to provide guidance and reference material for Hemophilia Treatment Centers (HTCs) eligible to participate in the Drug Pricing Program authorized by section 340B of the Public Health Service Act (PHS Act).  It provides information on the authorizing legislation, the program’s method of operation, and specifics on how HTCs can become approved covered entities and make effective use of 340B discounts while complying with its statutory requirements.  The manual does not establish policy for either the HTC Grant Program or the 340B Drug Pricing Program.  Its purpose is to provide background information and practical advice on how HTCs can operate in compliance with 340B policy and related HTC program policy.  Although GSB will update this manual to incorporate new policy developments, HTCs should make use of the information resources listed below to keep up to date with new developments as they occur, especially on the Web site for the Health Resources and Services Administration, Healthcare Systems Bureau (HSB), Office of Pharmacy Affairs (OPA) .

The manual is divided into three main sections:

• The first section provides a general description of the 340B program, its history and how it is administered by the OPA.
• The second section provides specifics on how the 340B program can be used by HTCs, emphasizing the aspects of the program which are most likely to concern them.
• The third section is made up of four appendices:
  • The complete text of section 340B of the PHS Act
  • The current version of the Pharmaceutical Pricing Agreement (PPA) which manufacturers must sign to continue to participate in the Medicaid program
  • A compilation of all of HRSA’s 340B program guidelines published to date
  • Grants management guidance concerning program income.

General Information Resources

References are made throughout the manual to accessing information and advice from two key HRSA organizations, OPA in HSB and GSB in MCHB.  In addition, through a contract managed by OPA, the HRSA Pharmacy Services Support Center (PSSC) is now handling routine inquiries about the 340B program.  The following addresses should be used to acquire information from these organizations:

OPA:

Web site: http://www.hrsa.gov/opa
General phone number: (301) 593-4353

HRSA PSSC:

2215 Constitution Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20037
Web site: http://pssc.aphanet.org
E-mail address: pssc@aphanet.org

Use the web site to register with the PSSC to receive information on new events and developments in the 340B program and gain access to other online resources.
General phone number: 1-800-628-6297

MCHB GSB:

General phone number: (301) 443-1080
MCHB Web site: http://mchb.hrsa.gov

Part I: The Major Elements of the Public Health Service Drug Pricing Program

A. Brief history of the development of 340B

The 340B Drug Pricing Program was established by Section 340B of the PHS Act which requires drug manufacturers to provide discounts or rebates to a specified set of U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) assisted programs and hospitals that meet the criteria in the Social Security Act (SSA) for serving a disproportionate share of low income patients.  It was enacted on November 4, 1992 as part of the Veterans Health Care Act of 1992 (VHCA92).  This legislation was a follow-up to the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program (MDR Program) enacted as part of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (OBRA90).

The MDR Program requires manufacturers to give Medicaid a rebate of 15.1 percent of the average manufacturer’s price (AMP) or the AMP less the best manufacturer’s price (BMP), whichever is lower.  As originally enacted, the calculation of BMP included sales to directly operated Federal health care programs such as the medical systems operated by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD).  As a result, drug manufacturers were reluctant to continue to sell drugs to direct Federal health care programs at the very advantageous prices they had in the past because it could increase the rebates they had to pay to Medicaid.  Overall, prices paid for drugs by directly operated Federal health care programs rose after the enactment of OBRA 90.

Sections 601 and 603 of VHCA92 corrected the problem for direct Federal health care programs by removing their drug sales from the calculation of BMP and mandating minimum price reductions for purchases made by the VA for its own and other Federal health care operations.  Section 602 of VHCA92 created section 340B of the PHS Act which provides ceilings on outpatient drug prices for certain HHS programs and disproportionate share hospitals.  These sales were also excluded from the calculation of BMP.  See Appendix A for the text of 340B.

B. Main Provisions of the 340B Legislation Agreements with manufacturers

As a condition for continued participation in Medicaid, drug manufacturers must sign an agreement with the Secretary of HHS requiring their sales to the covered entities to be at or below the ceiling prices mandated by section 340B.  Failure to sell covered drugs at these prices could result in a manufacturer being prohibited from receiving payments for its products from the Medicaid program.

Ceiling prices

For single source and innovator, multiple source drugs, the 340B ceiling price is the average manufacturer price (AMP) reduced by the Medicaid rebate percentage.  For over-the-counter and generic drugs, the 340B ceiling price is the AMP reduced by 11 percent.  The AMP is a term developed for the Medicaid Rebate Program (MR Program) and is defined in section 1927 of the Social Security Act (SSA).  In general, the AMP is based on the weighted average of prices paid by wholesalers for drugs distributed to the retail pharmacy class of trade.  It excludes sales to Federal health care systems and the covered entities.

The covered entities

The law designates the following selected grantees as eligible to be covered entities if they receive funds from the programs specified in 340B:

• Community Health Centers
• Migrant Health Centers
• Homeless Health Centers
• Public Housing Health Centers
• Black Lung Clinics
• Native Hawaiian Centers
• School-based Health Centers
• HIV Early Intervention Projects
• AIDS Drug Assistance Programs
• Other Ryan White AIDS Projects
• Hemophilia Treatment Centers (HTCs)
• Tribal Health Centers
• Urban Indian Health Centers
• Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics
• Tuberculosis Clinics
• Title X Family Planning Clinics

The law also defines two types of non-grantees as eligible to be covered entities:

• Federally Qualified Health Center Look-Alikes recognized by HRSA
• Disproportionate Share Hospitals if they
  • Carry out certain specified State or local government health care programs
  • Have a disproportionate share adjustment percentage greater than 11.75 percent
  • Do not participate in any group purchasing arrangements for covered outpatient drugs

Requirements for covered entities

A covered entity must comply with the following statutory requirements to access 340B discounts:

• Not request a discount for a drug subject to a Medicaid rebate; the Secretary established a mechanism to ensure compliance before the statutory deadline of one year after enactment (See page 23 for the details of how the mechanism works.)
• Not resell or otherwise transfer a discounted drug to a person who is not a patient of the entity
• Permit the Secretary and manufacturers to audit entity records pertaining to the drug in question, in accordance with procedures established by the Secretary, to ensure compliance with the first two requirements
• Repay the manufacturer the amount of 340B discounts received for any violations of the first two requirements, if the manufacturer seeks restitution

Other provisions

• The Secretary is required to
  • Develop and implement a process for the certification of certain eligible tuberculosis and sexually transmitted disease clinics and non-governmental entities participating in the programs established by Titles I and II of the Ryan White CARE Act, excluding AIDS Drug Assistance Programs (ADAPs)
  • Develop a prime vendor program to serve the covered entities
  • Notify manufacturers and State Medicaid agencies of the identity of the covered entities
• Manufacturers are not prohibited from charging a price for a drug that is lower than the maximum price that may be charged under 340B.

C. The Office of Pharmacy Affairs (OPA)

Shortly after the enactment of section 340B in 1992, the responsibility for administering the law was assigned to HRSA.  To carry out this task, HRSA established the Bureau of Primary Health Care (BPHC), Office of Drug Pricing (ODP).  In June, 2000, the mission of the office was broadened to include more general assistance for pharmacy programs and its name was changed to the Office of Pharmacy Affairs (OPA).  In February 2003, OPA was moved to a new Division of Health Care Development (DHCD) and became the Pharmacy Affairs Branch (PAB).  In September 2004, PAB was moved to the Healthcare Systems Bureau (HSB) as the Office of Pharmacy Affairs (OPA).

The mission and functions for OPA are as follows:

As the primary pharmacy resource for HHS health care programs, OPA promotes universal access to clinically and cost effective pharmacy services by:

1. maximizing the value of the 340B Program for eligible entities by
   1. managing the Pharmaceutical Pricing Agreement with pharmaceutical manufacturers who participate in the Medicaid program,
   2. maintaining a database of covered entities and organizations eligible to become covered entities, including status of certifications, where required,
   3. publishing guidelines and/or regulations to assist covered entities, drug manufacturers, and wholesalers to use the Drug Pricing Program (DPP) and comply with the requirements of section 340B,
   4. implementing and overseeing the 340B Prime Vendor Program (PVP) that provides drug distribution and price negotiation services for the covered entities,
   5. coordinating the 340B implementation activities of programs in HRSA, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Indian Health Service (IHS), and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health’s (OASH) Office of Public Health and Science (OPHS) that provide support to entities eligible to access the DPP,
   6. providing a full range of technical assistance to eligible and participating entities,
   7. working with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), which operate related drug rebate and discount programs, to coordinate policies and operations, and
   8. maintaining liaison with grantee associations, professional organizations, the pharmaceutical industry, and trade associations concerning drug pricing and pharmacy issues,
2. supporting HRSA health centers, States, and other delivery systems as they develop quality programs for affordable drug benefits through
   1. managing clinical pharmacy demonstration projects,
   2. assisting health centers and other grantees to make optimum use of resources available for pharmacy services,
   3. demonstrating innovative methods of delivering pharmacy services, and
   4. providing technical assistance to grantees, States, local governments, and other health care delivery systems to plan and implement pharmacy services,
3. serving as a Federal Government resource for pharmacy practice through
   1. developing and maintaining cooperative relationships with national pharmacy and governmental organizations to share information and build infrastructure for safety-net providers,
   2. compiling and marketing pharmacy “models that work” for States and communities,  
   3. developing a technical assistance center for pharmacy practice, and
   4. providing model pharmacy products (such as sample contracts and business plans) for safety-net health care providers, and
4. carrying out special projects as assigned by the Administrator.

Information about the 340B Program and other pharmacy program developments can be obtained from the OPA Web site at .

Pharmacy Services Support Center (PSSC)

OPA’s ability to carry out its mission was enhanced through the award of a 5-year contract at the end of FY 2002 to the American Pharmacists Association (APhA) to operate the HRSA PSSC.  APhA is the largest professional association of pharmacists in the United States with 50,000 members including practicing pharmacists, pharmaceutical scientists, students, pharmacy technicians, and others. The association provides professional information and education for pharmacists and is an advocate for improved health through the provision of comprehensive pharmaceutical care.  Additionally, the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) and other national pharmacy associations will participate in the contract to ensure that the new center is equipped to provide timely information on pharmacy practice.

Services to be provided by the PSSC include:

• Helping OPA conduct policy and pharmacoeconomic analyses on effective pharmacy practice and program needs of HRSA grantees;
• Providing information, evaluation, and recommendations to community health networks and community service organizations concerning innovative approaches in all practice settings for affordable, quality pharmaceutical services, including the effective use of the 340B drug pricing program; and
• Recruiting and managing a pharmacy consultant pool that will be available to provide on-site technical assistance to health centers and other providers supported by HRSA.

As the PSSC develops over the life of the contract, it is expected that its role in providing supporting professional services for providers eligible to participate in the 340B drug pricing program will grow.  Check the PSSC web site ( for the latest developments.  Eligible entities can obtain a PSSC ID to receive information on new events and developments in the 340B program and have access to other online resources.

D. The Pharmaceutical Pricing Agreement

Section 340B requires drug manufacturers, as a condition of continued participation in the Medicaid program, to sign an agreement with the Secretary of HHS to sell covered outpatient drugs to the covered entities at prices that do not exceed the limitations specified by the law.  As of March 2005, there were 692 drug manufacturers participating in the 340B Program.

The full text of the current agreement is in Appendix B.

Manufacturers’ responsibilities

• Adhere to the pricing limitations in section 340B
• Provide HRSA access to information needed to administer the 340B Program and retain supporting documentation for at least 3 years after its creation
• Permit HRSA to use Medicaid rebate data submitted by manufacturers to CMS that is needed for administering the 340B Program
• Participate in the PVP unless otherwise agreed to by the Secretary of HHS
• Use HRSA published procedures for resolving disputes with covered entities and conducting audits to determine if there has been any drug diversion
• Maintain the confidentiality of audit information obtained from the covered entities

Secretary’s responsibilities

• Maintain accessible data on the identity of covered entities, updated quarterly
• Develop and implement a mechanism for preventing duplicate price reductions (see page 23 for how this works)
• Require covered entities to retain purchasing records and claims for Medicaid reimbursement for at least 3 years
• Maintain the confidentiality of information disclosed by the manufacturers, except as necessary to carry out Section 340B

E. The Covered Entity Database

As required by the Pharmaceutical Pricing Agreement (PPA) and Section 340B of the PHS Act, OPA maintains a database of covered entities authorized to purchase outpatient drugs at 340B prices.  The data are updated quarterly and can be downloaded from the OPA Web site ( which is easily accessible by manufacturers, covered entities, State agencies, and any other parties interested in the administration of the PHS DPP.  The data include multiple entries for covered entities that operate at more than one site.

The following Table I shows the trends in the number of covered entity sites registering as covered entities in the PHS DPP, broken down by type of program, since the end of its first full year of operation at the beginning of 1994.  Over this period the number of sites has more than doubled.  The program continues to grow at the rate of about 10 percent per year.

Table I
Number of Covered Entity Sites, 1994-2005

F. Program Guidelines

Since its inception, HRSA has used guidelines published in the Federal Register (FR) to administer the 340B Program.

Appendix C includes all of the guidelines published as final notices through mid 2005.  The text includes only the final statement of the guidelines, not the responses to comments received on the proposed guidelines.  The OPA Web site contains the complete text of the notices published in the FR including all of the responses to comments received.

The guidelines in Appendix C cover the following topics:

• General program guidance including eligibility criteria for covered entities, definition of a covered outpatient drug, calculation of the ceiling price, general information for manufacturers and covered entities, and confidentiality provisions
• The mechanism to prevent a Medicaid rebate on a 340B discounted drug
• Entity guidelines including procedures for avoiding drug diversion, requirements to maintain records of purchases of covered outpatient drugs and of any claims for Medicaid reimbursement for audit purposes, use of purchasing agents and wholesalers, and a clarification that manufacturers may not impose prior conditions, such as requiring their own assurance of action to prevent drug diversion, before selling drugs at the ceiling prices
• Eligibility of outpatient facilities of disproportionate share hospitals to be covered entities
• Guidelines for pricing new drugs introduced by manufacturers
• Definition of a patient of a covered entity
• Guidelines for contract pharmacy services, including a model agreement format and suggested contract provisions
• Guidelines for manufacturer audits of covered entities
• Recommended dispute resolution process
• Recognition of the State AIDS Drug Assistance Program rebate option
• Recognition of the option for covered entities to purchase outpatient drugs at regular market prices for their Medicaid patients

G. How 340B Discounts Help Covered Entities Improve Services

The purpose of the 340B Program is to lower the cost of acquiring covered outpatient drugs for selected health care providers so that they can stretch their resources in order to serve more patients or improve services.  Additional program resources are generated if drug acquisition costs are lowered but revenue from grants or health insurance reimbursements are maintained or not reduced as much as the 340B discounts or rebates.  This permits HHS programs to provide additional financial capacity to assisted health care providers without increasing the Federal budget for the grant or other assistance programs that confer eligibility for the discounts.  This method of augmenting their resources carries out the Congressional intent expressed in the House Commerce Committee’s (HCC) report on the legislation (H.R. Report 102-384, 102^nd Congress, 2^nd Session, Part 2, page 12) which states, “In giving these ‘covered entities’ access to price reductions theCommittee intends to enable these entities to stretch scarce Federal resources as far as possible, reaching more eligible patients and providing more comprehensive services.”  If the covered entities were not able to access resources freed up by the drug discounts when they apply for grants and bill private health insurance, their programs would receive no assistance from the enactment of section 340B and there would be no incentive for them to become covered entities.

As required by the law and the PPA, drug manufacturers must charge covered entities a price for an outpatient drug that does not exceed the average manufacturer price (AMP) reduced by the Medicaid rebate percentage of 15.1 percent.  Covered entities are free to negotiate lower prices if they have sufficient purchasing power.  The chart below provides a general picture of how 340B prices compare to other Federal price reduction or discount programs in reference to average wholesale prices (AWP).  It is based on a slide in a presentation entitled “State Opportunities under the 340B DDP” prepared by the Public Hospital Pharmacy Coalition (PHPC), a leading member of the 340B Coalition, a group of advocacy organizations representing the programs eligible to participate in 340B.   It shows that the 340B prices are among the best available, coming in lower than the prices on the Federal Supply Schedule (FSS).  However, they fall short of the discounts achieved by the VA’s contract prices negotiated under the authority of section 603 of the Veterans Health Care Act for selected direct Federal health care programs.  The complete presentation is available on the PHPC’s web site, www.phpcrx.org.

[D]

Covered entities use 340B income for a variety of purposes within their overall missions and the general purposes of the grants they receive.  For example, community health centers use 340B income primarily to improve services for medically uninsured patients whose declared income is below 200 percent of the poverty line and pay for services on a sliding scale.  Centers have increased the number of patients receiving discounted services and increased the discounts in the sliding scale fee schedule.  Both community health centers and disproportionate share hospitals often use 340B income to offset unreimbursed costs of providing prescription drug services to under-insured or uninsured patients.

Most covered entities have used 340B income to provide services to more patients with little or noresources than they could otherwise afford to serve.  Others have added services for their current service populations.  Consistent with this overall pattern, hemophilia treatment centers (HTCs) use the extra income from the 340B discount to maintain or expand supporting services and as well as provide factor replacement products to uninsured patients.

H. Technical Assistance

Since the implementation of the 340B program in 1992, OPA, then the ODP, has placed a major emphasis on providing technical assistance to both eligible and participating entities.  This assistance was provided primarily by phone consultations with in-house staff. However, during FY 1998, the Office expanded technical assistance resources by augmenting its in-house capacity with expert consultants.  Since then the level of technical assistance has continued to grow.

With the broadening of OPA’s mission, technical assistance now includes advice on delivering effective clinical pharmacy services as well as making appropriate use of the 340B program.  This broadened technical assistance has been a critical component of OPA’s support for clinical pharmacy demonstrations and comprehensive pharmacy assistance grants awarded to individual and networks of health centers.  All eligible entities can request technical assistance from OPA on 340B operational issues or to obtain advice on efficient and effective pharmacy management.

The most efficient way to request technical assistance is to use the OPA Web site.  Click on “Pharmacy Technical Assistance (PharmTA)” on the home page.  This leads to the PharmTA page which contains a menu providing information about the services available.  To request assistance on a specific topic, click on “Apply for Pharmacy TA.”  This leads to a form which can be used to request technical assistance online.  E-mail responses are provided within 2 business days.  You can also request assistance by phone, toll-free, at 1-866-PharmTA (1-866-742-7682). 

I. Prime Vendor Program (PVP)

The 340B PVP has been developed to carry out section 340B(a)(8):

The Secretary shall establish a prime vendor program under which covered entities may enter into contracts with prime vendors for the distribution of covered outpatient drugs.  If a covered entity obtains drugs directly from a manufacturer, the manufacturer shall be responsible for the costs of distribution.

In the private sector, a prime vendor is an organization that provides total drug purchasing and distribution services for a single health care facility or network of facilities.  PVs provide consolidated drug purchasing and frequent deliveries so that hospitals and clinics do not need to maintain large drug inventories.  Health care facilities use prime vendors to lower distribution costs, reduce response times for making critical drugs available, and reduce inventory costs.

In designing the 340B PVP, HRSA included price negotiation services as an essential component to try to take advantage of the purchasing volume of the covered entities.  As section 340B(a)(10) explicitly states, manufacturers are not prohibited from charging a price for a drug that is lowerthan the maximum price permitted by the 340B program.  Including price negotiation in the PVP thus creates an opportunity to bring substantial additional value to the covered entities.

The current PV agreement, approved by the HRSA Administrator on September 10, 2004, designates Health Purchasing Partners International (HPPI) as the 340B PV. HPPI is a group purchasing organization serving more than 8,000 health care organizations by assisting them to lower and control their supply costs. Through its relationship with Novation, a supply chain management company which is responsible for negotiating a portfolio drug and medical supply pricing agreements, HPPI manages over $20 billion in combined annual purchasing power in its non-PV business.  The expectation is that HPPI can draw on this experience and its relationships with drug manufacturers to benefit the covered entities that join the PV program.

The previous PV agreement, approved by the Administrator on September 10, 1999, was with AmerisourceBergen, a national drug and medical supply wholesaler.  The foundation of the agreement was drug distribution services with price negotiation as an additional service.  This arrangement had limited success because covered entities using different wholesalers were reluctant to switch in order to join the PV program.  Although AmerisourceBergen was able to negotiate additional discounts for a wide variety of generic drugs, it was unable to obtain additional discounts from brand name manufacturers.

The foundation of the current PV agreement is price negotiation and is structured so that a wide variety of drug wholesalers can participate.  All three national wholesalers, AmerisourceBergen, Cardinal Health, and McKesson Pharmaceutical, participate in the PV program as well as several regional distributors.  HPPI’s PV operations are easily able to accommodate other distributors if requested to do so by prospective covered entity members.

HPPI has created a special Web site for the 340B PV program.  It can be accessed at http://www.340bpvp.com.  The phone number for the PV program is 1-888-340-2787.  On the Web site, HPPI states its PV mission as serving covered entity members in 3 primary roles:

• Negotiating sub-ceiling 340B pricing on branded and generic pharmaceuticals
• Establishing distribution solutions and networks that improve access to affordable medications
• Providing other value-added products and services

The Web site includes a link to instructions for completing the downloadable 3-page 340B Prime Vendor Participating Agreement. Prospective members need to print and complete two copies of the 340B Prime Vendor Participation Agreement and then submit two originals to HPPI by mail. The address is: 340B Prime Vendor Member Services/HPPI, Attn: 340B Prime Vendor, 125 East John Carpenter Freeway, Irving, TX 75062-2324.  Once accepted as a member, the entity will receive one of the original agreements countersigned by HPPI. When the agreement is officially executed by both parties, the entity’s distributor and contracted suppliers will be notified and instructed to use the prime vendor program contract pricing in all future covered outpatient drug transactions.

In its first 6 months of operation as the 340B PV, HPPI has made substantial progress in delivering services to covered entities.  Participation has increased from 465 entities to 937.  Annual sales volume increased to $1.7 billion.  Negotiations began with at least five brand name drug manufacturers. HPPI also offers discounts on a variety of other management and operational “value added” services such as patient assistance program software, contract pharmacy implementation and support services